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Обусловлена постепенным разрушением сетчатки, сопровождающимся снижением остроты зрения или полной слепотой [3](https://celitel05.ru/wiki/nasledstvennye-bolezni/abiotrofiya-setchatki/). \n\nМожет проявляться как самостоятельная патология или быть частью симптомокомплекса других заболеваний [3](https://celitel05.ru/wiki/nasledstvennye-bolezni/abiotrofiya-setchatki/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nОсновная причина — **генетические мутации**, которые нарушают нормальное функционирование сетчатки [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). Существует три основных механизма наследования [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/): \n* **Аутосомно-доминантный** — симптомы проявляются позже, обычно после 10 лет, а центральное зрение сохраняется дольше [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Аутосомно-рецессивный** — редкая форма, проявляется при наличии двух мутантных генов, чаще встречается в изолированных популяциях [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Х-сцепленный** — тяжёлая форма, проявляется преимущественно у мужчин и быстро прогрессирует, начиная с года жизни [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/).\n\n## Симптомы\nНекоторые симптомы абиотрофии сетчатки: \n* **Ночная слепота (никталопия)** — затруднения при слабом освещении [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/)[4](https://ProBolezny.ru/abiotrofiya-setchatki/). \n* **Сужение полей зрения** — ухудшение периферического зрения, даже при ярком освещении [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Светобоязнь и зрительные галлюцинации** — может проявляться ложным ощущением света и вспышек [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Нарушение цветоощущения** — проблемы с восприятием синих оттенков, что свидетельствует о дисфункции колбочек [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Снижение центрального зрения** — в зависимости от типа наследования острота зрения может сохраняться дольше или ухудшаться быстрее [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля диагностики абиотрофии сетчатки используют различные методы [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/): \n* **Офтальмологический осмотр** — выявляет изменения на глазном дне (побледнение диска зрительного нерва, сужение сосудов) [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Электроретинография (ЭРГ)** — оценивает электрическую активность сетчатки и помогает выявить проблемы на ранних стадиях [2](https://www.konovalov-eye-center.ru/info-for-patient/articles/abiotrofiya-setchatki-pigmentnyy-retinit-simptomy-prichiny-diagnostika-i-lechenie/). \n* **Генетические исследования** — выявляют мутации в генах, связанных с конкретным типом абиотрофии сетчатки [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/).\n\n## Лечение\n**Специфического лечения** абиотрофии сетчатки не существует [1](https://www.nrmed.ru/illness/abiotrofiya_setchatki_lechenie_i_simptomy/)[12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). Терапия направлена на замедление прогрессирования заболевания и сохранение зрения на максимально возможном уровне [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). Некоторые методы лечения: \n* **Медикаментозная терапия** — комплексы витаминов (витамины A и E), антиоксиданты и препараты, улучшающие микроциркуляцию в сетчатке [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). \n* **Сосудорасширяющие препараты** — помогают восстановить кровоснабжение сетчатки и замедлить дистрофические процессы [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). \n* **Хирургическое лечение** — если консервативная терапия не приносит ожидаемых результатов [12](https://glorismed.de/lechenie-abiotrofii-setchatki-v-germanii/). 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