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Воспаление может затрагивать только слизистую оболочку бронхов или поражать всю толщу их стенки [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/bronkhit/). \n\nВыделяют две формы бронхита [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/): \n1. **Острый** — кратковременное заболевание, появляется на фоне ОРВИ или другой инфекции [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n2. **Хронический** — постоянное, повторяющееся воспаление бронхов, которое приводит к уменьшению их проходимости и нарушению функции лёгких [10](https://alfazdrav.ru/zabolevania/terapiya/bronkhit/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые причины бронхита: \n* **Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции** (вирусы гриппа А и В, парагриппа и др.) [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n* **Бактериальные инфекции** (стрептококки, микоплазмы и другие бактерии) [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). Чаще всего бактериальный бронхит развивается на фоне ОРВИ в виде осложнения [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n* **Воздействие загрязнителей воздуха**: химических паров серы, хлора, аммиака, промышленной пыли и других агрессивных веществ [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n* **Аллергены** — могут вызывать повреждения тканей бронхов [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/).\n\n## Симптомы\nОсновной симптом — **кашель**, как правило, сначала сухой, затем с выделением мокроты [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). Зеленоватый оттенок мокроты может говорить о присоединении бактериального осложнения [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n\nДругие местные симптомы: \n* боль и дискомфорт в груди, усиливающиеся при кашле [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/); \n* хрипы при дыхании из-за сужения бронхов [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/); \n* одышка, особенно при физической нагрузке [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/). \n\nПри обострениях хронического бронхита симптомы болезни менее выражены, а в стадии ремиссии почти не заметны для больного [6](https://rafamin.ru/articles/bronkhit/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДиагностикой и лечением бронхита занимаются терапевты и пульмонологи [4](https://Kislorod.ru/info/articles/zabolevaniya/bronkhit/). Для уточнения диагноза могут назначить: \n* клинический и биохимический анализ крови [4](https://Kislorod.ru/info/articles/zabolevaniya/bronkhit/); \n* посев мокроты и исследование на чувствительность к антибиотикам [4](https://Kislorod.ru/info/articles/zabolevaniya/bronkhit/); \n* рентгенографию или КТ грудной клетки [4](https://Kislorod.ru/info/articles/zabolevaniya/bronkhit/); \n* спирометрию для оценки функций дыхания [4](https://Kislorod.ru/info/articles/zabolevaniya/bronkhit/).\n\n## Лечение\nЛечение бронхита должно быть комплексным: необходимо устранить инфекцию и вредные провоцирующие факторы, восстановить проходимость бронхов [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/). \n\n**Основной способ лечения** — медикаментозная терапия [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/). Врач назначает: \n* при вирусной форме заболевания — противовирусные средства [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/); \n* при бактериальной форме — антибактериальные препараты [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/); \n* при высокой температуре и сильной интоксикации организма — жаропонижающие и противовоспалительные средства [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/); \n* при плохом отхождении мокроты — препараты, усиливающие отхаркивание [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/). \n\n**При хронической форме** заболевания показаны полупостельный режим, физиотерапия, дыхательная гимнастика [17](https://sakhalin.medscangroup.ru/zabolevaniya/bronhit/). 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