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Болезнь может начаться в любом возрасте, но чаще всего проявляется у детей и пожилых людей [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). \n\nВыделяют несколько форм эпилепсии [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/): \n* **Генерализованная** — затрагивает оба полушария мозга [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/)[3](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/epilepsija). \n* **Фокальная (парциальная)** — развивается в результате очагового нарушения в одной из областей мозга [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/)[3](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/epilepsija). \n* **Идиопатическая** — причина возникновения не установлена, однако предполагается наследственная предрасположенность [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/)[3](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/epilepsija). \n* **Симптоматическая (вторичная)** — развивается на фоне органических повреждений: травм, опухолей, инсультов, инфекций [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/)[3](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/epilepsija).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nВ ряде случаев точную причину выявить не удаётся — такие формы называют криптогенными или идиопатическими [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). Некоторые факторы, которые могут провоцировать эпилепсию: \n* генетическая предрасположенность [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* внутриутробные нарушения (гипоксия, инфекции во время беременности) [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* родовые травмы и осложнения [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* травмы головы (черепно-мозговые травмы) [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* сосудистые патологии (инсульт, аневризмы) [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* опухолевые процессы [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/); \n* нейроинфекции (энцефалит, менингит) [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/).\n\n## Симптомы\nСимптомы эпилепсии зависят от формы заболевания, возраста пациента и локализации очага в мозге [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). Некоторые распространённые симптомы: \n* **Судорожные припадки** — внезапные, часто с потерей сознания, подёргиванием мышц, криком, падением [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). \n* **Абсансы (малые припадки)** — кратковременные «замирания», человек перестаёт реагировать на окружающее, смотрит в одну точку [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). \n* **Аура** — субъективные предвестники приступа: ощущения вкуса, запаха, страха, вспышек света [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). \n* **Нарушения речи, восприятия, поведения** — часто при фокальных формах [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/). \n* **После припадка** возможны сонливость, спутанность сознания, слабость, головная боль [1](https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/epilepsiya/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля постановки диагноза применяют: \n* **Электроэнцефалографию (ЭЭГ)** — для регистрации электрической активности мозга [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/)[15](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/epilepsiya/). \n* **Магнитно-резонансную томографию (МРТ)** — для выявления структурных изменений [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/). \n* **Лабораторные анализы** — для исключения сопутствующих заболеваний [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/). \n\nВрач также подробно собирает анамнез и уточняет обстоятельства каждого приступа [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/).\n\n## Лечение\nОсновной метод лечения эпилепсии — **приём противоэпилептических препаратов** [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/). Их подбирают индивидуально, чтобы максимально контролировать приступы и минимизировать побочные эффекты [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/). \n\nВ некоторых случаях может применяться **хирургическое лечение** (например, удаление очага эпилептической активности) [2](https://cmrt.ru/zabolevaniya/golovnogo-mozga/epilepsiya-u-vzroslykh/). 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