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Состоит из омертвевших эпидермальных клеток и смеси других веществ (скопления кератина, кристаллы холестерина), окружён соединительной тканью в виде капсулы [3](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0). \n\nВыделяют два основных типа холестеатомы [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/): \n1. **Врождённая** — формируется ещё во внутриутробном периоде вследствие нарушений эмбрионального развития [6](https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/). \n2. **Приобретённая** — развивается в результате различных патологических процессов в ухе [6](https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/). Например: \n * **Хронический гнойный средний отит** — воспалительный процесс приводит к повреждению слизистой оболочки среднего уха, что создаёт условия для ненормального роста эпителиальных клеток [6](https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/). \n * **Травмы барабанной перепонки** — при нарушении целостности перепонки эпителиальные клетки проникают в полость среднего уха, где начинают разрастаться [6](https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/). \n * **Длительное нарушение вентиляции среднего уха** — когда естественный воздухообмен нарушен, создаются благоприятные условия для патологического разрастания тканей [6](https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nВ некоторых случаях причину установить не удаётся, тогда такие холестеатомы называют идиопатическими [4](https://polyclinika.ru/tech/kholesteatoma-simptomy-i-lechenie/).\n\n## Симптомы\nХолестеатома может развиваться медленно и бессимптомно в течение нескольких лет, прежде чем появятся первые признаки [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). Некоторые симптомы: \n* **Хронические выделения из уха** — скудные или обильные, часто с неприятным запахом [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Снижение слуха** — постепенное или флюктуирующее снижение слуха на поражённое ухо [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Боль в ухе** — обычно возникает при присоединении инфекции [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Головокружение или нарушение равновесия** — при распространении холестеатомы на внутреннее ухо [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/).\n\n## Диагностика\nПри подозрении на холестеатому необходимо обратиться к отоларингологу (ЛОР-врачу) [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). Некоторые исследования: \n* **Отомикроскопия** — осмотр уха с помощью операционного микроскопа позволяет выявить характерные признаки холестеатомы — перлмуттеровые массы, гнойные выделения, костные дефекты [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Аудиометрия** — измерение остроты слуха для оценки степени его снижения [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Компьютерная томография (КТ) височных костей** — визуализация структур среднего и внутреннего уха, оценка распространённости холестеатомы и состояния окружающих костных структур [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/).\n\n## Лечение\n**Единственный эффективный метод лечения** — **хирургическое удаление** [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). Цель операции — полное удаление холестеатомы, восстановление анатомии среднего уха и сохранение или улучшение слуха [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n\nСуществует несколько хирургических подходов в зависимости от распространённости холестеатомы [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/): \n* **Тимпанопластика с мастоидэктомией** — удаление холестеатомы через разрез за ухом, с одномоментным восстановлением барабанной перепонки и слуховых косточек [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Радикальная операция на среднем ухе** — более обширное вмешательство при распространённых холестеатомах, включающее удаление задней стенки наружного слухового прохода и создание общей полости среднего уха и мастоидальной пещеры [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n* **Эндоскопическая техника** — малоинвазивное удаление холестеатомы через наружный слуховой проход с использованием эндоскопов [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). \n\nПосле операции необходимо регулярное наблюдение у ЛОР-врача для исключения рецидива холестеатомы и оценки слуховой функции [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/). В некоторых случаях могут потребоваться повторные операции (ревизии) для полного удаления холестеатомы [9](https://hadassah-extra.ru/diseases/lechenie-kholesteatomy-v-izraile/).","linksData":[{"sourceId":1,"url":"https://bogolubov.center/about/news/articles/kholesteatoma/","shownUrl":"https://bogolubov.center/about/news/articles/kholesteatoma/","title":"Холестеатома — Сеть МЦ «Доктор Боголюбов» в Балашихе","shortUrl":"bogolubov.center","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"bogolubov.center"},{"sourceId":2,"url":"https://semeynaya.ru/directions/otorinolaringologiya/kholesteatoma/","shownUrl":"https://semeynaya.ru/directions/otorinolaringologiya/kholesteatoma/","title":"Холестеатома","shortUrl":"semeynaya.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"semeynaya.ru"},{"sourceId":3,"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0","shownUrl":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0","title":"Холестеатома — Википедия","shortUrl":"ru.wikipedia.org","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"ru.wikipedia.org"},{"sourceId":4,"url":"https://polyclinika.ru/tech/kholesteatoma-simptomy-i-lechenie/","shownUrl":"https://polyclinika.ru/tech/kholesteatoma-simptomy-i-lechenie/","title":"Холестеатома - причины, симптомы, признаки, диагностика, лечение (операция по удалению)","shortUrl":"polyclinika.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"polyclinika.ru"},{"sourceId":5,"url":"https://marino-medicina.ru/poleznaya-informaciya/hirurgiya/holesteatoma/","shownUrl":"https://marino-medicina.ru/poleznaya-informaciya/hirurgiya/holesteatoma/","title":"Холестеатома: причины, симптомы и методы лечения","shortUrl":"marino-medicina.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"marino-medicina.ru"},{"sourceId":6,"url":"https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/","shownUrl":"https://mc21.ru/articles/kholesteatoma/","title":"Холестеатома: лечение, течение болезни, особенности, интересные моменты","shortUrl":"mc21.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"mc21.ru"},{"sourceId":7,"url":"https://ProBolezny.ru/holesteatoma/","shownUrl":"https://ProBolezny.ru/holesteatoma/","title":"Холестеатома: причины, симптомы и лечение в статье ЛОРа Кедровский Д. 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