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Болезнь со временем вызывает тяжёлую одышку и значительно ограничивает повседневную активность [1](https://aclinic.ru/zabolevaniya/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n\n**Особенности**: ограничение воздушного потока необратимо или частично обратимо [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). Без своевременного лечения ХОБЛ прогрессирует, приводя к опасным осложнениям, включая дыхательную недостаточность и даже летальный исход [2](https://bwell-swiss.ru/news-med/hronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkih-hobl/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые факторы риска ХОБЛ: \n* **Курение** — табачный дым повреждает слизистую бронхов, вызывает хроническое воспаление и разрушает альвеолы [1](https://aclinic.ru/zabolevaniya/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/)[7](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/hobl/). Пассивное курение также повышает риск, особенно у детей и некурящих взрослых [1](https://aclinic.ru/zabolevaniya/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Профессиональные вредности** — вдыхание промышленной пыли, химических паров и токсичных газов [1](https://aclinic.ru/zabolevaniya/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Загрязнение воздуха** — вдыхание продуктов горения (дров, угля) в плохо проветриваемых помещениях или проживание в экологически неблагополучных районах [1](https://aclinic.ru/zabolevaniya/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Генетическая предрасположенность** — например, дефицит альфа-1-антитрипсина, при котором лёгкие становятся более уязвимыми к повреждению [7](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/hobl/).\n\n## Симптомы\nНекоторые симптомы ХОБЛ: \n* хронический кашель, чаще по утрам [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* отделение вязкой или слизистой мокроты [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* одышка при физической активности, в дальнейшем — и в покое [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* хрипы и свисты при дыхании [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* частые эпизоды бронхита [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* быстрая утомляемость [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n\nПоздние стадии болезни сопровождаются снижением массы тела, синюшностью кожи и развитием дыхательной недостаточности [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля постановки диагноза необходима комплексная оценка состояния дыхательной системы [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). Некоторые методы обследования: \n* **Спирометрия** — измерение объёма и скорости выдыхаемого воздуха [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Рентгенография и КТ грудной клетки** — позволяют оценить изменения в лёгочной ткани [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Газовый состав крови** — определяет степень кислородной недостаточности [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n* **Лабораторные исследования** — исключают другие заболевания дыхательной системы [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n\nТочный диагноз возможен только после обследования у пульмонолога [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/).\n\n## Лечение\nТерапия направлена на замедление прогрессирования заболевания и улучшение качества жизни [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). Некоторые методы: \n* отказ от курения — ключевой фактор в лечении [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* бронхорасширяющие препараты, снижающие обструкцию [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* ингаляционные гормональные препараты для уменьшения воспаления [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* муколитики, облегчающие отхождение мокроты [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* кислородотерапия при выраженной дыхательной недостаточности [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/); \n* дыхательная гимнастика и физическая активность под контролем специалистов [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). \n\n**ХОБЛ невозможно полностью вылечить**, но при правильном лечении можно значительно замедлить его развитие [3](https://www.mos-clinics.ru/diseases/khronicheskaya-obstruktivnaya-bolezn-legkikh-khobl/). 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