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Обусловлена задержкой развития мозга плода или ребёнка в первые годы жизни [1](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/imbetsilnost)[2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C). \n\nВ Международной классификации болезней (МКБ-10) имбецильности соответствует диагноз **F71 «Умеренная умственная отсталость»** и **F72 «Тяжёлая умственная отсталость»** [1](https://yandex.ru/medicine/disease/imbetsilnost)[6](https://ProBolezny.ru/imbecilnost/). \n\n**По мнению ряда психиатров**, термин «имбецильность» **устаревший** и не рекомендуется к использованию, так как вышел за сугубо медицинские рамки и стал носить социальный (негативный) оттенок [2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)[3](https://ru.ruwiki.ru/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C). Вместо него в МКБ-10 используется диагноз «умственная отсталость» [3](https://ru.ruwiki.ru/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C).\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые причины имбецильности: \n* **Генетические и хромосомные аномалии** (синдром Дауна, синдром Ангельмана) [4](https://xn--d1abuo3e.xn--p1ai/diseases/imbetsilnost/)[8](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/zabolevanija_neurology/imbecility). \n* **Перенесённые матерью во время беременности инфекции** (сифилис, краснуха, цитомегаловирус, токсоплазмоз) [4](https://xn--d1abuo3e.xn--p1ai/diseases/imbetsilnost/)[8](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/zabolevanija_neurology/imbecility). \n* **Осложнения во время родов** (например, гипоксия) [6](https://ProBolezny.ru/imbecilnost/). \n* **После рождения** — отравления химическими соединениями, радиация, черепно-мозговые травмы, новообразования головного мозга, нейроинфекции [6](https://ProBolezny.ru/imbecilnost/).\n\n## Симптомы\nНекоторые симптомы имбецильности: \n* **Примитивное мышление**, неспособность обобщать или образно мыслить [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/). \n* **Проблемы с концентрацией внимания** и запоминанием новой информации [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/). \n* **Скудность словарного запаса** [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/). \n* **Проблемы с координацией движений**, недоразвитие моторной функции [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/). \n* **Может сопровождаться беспричинной агрессивностью** и повышенной раздражительностью, апатичностью или, наоборот, чрезмерной подвижностью [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/). \n* **Элементарные навыки самообслуживания** (самостоятельно одеваться или есть), но пациенты, как правило, не проявляют собственной инициативы [11](https://MedAboutMe.ru/articles/chto_takoe_imbetsilnost/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДиагноз имбецильности ставится после комплексной оценки интеллектуального и психомоторного развития и на основании клинической картины [13](https://narkolog-psihiatr.ru/imbecilnost/). Для диагностики могут использоваться: \n* **Стандартизированные тесты** (например, тест Векслера) с указанием коэффициента интеллекта (IQ) [6](https://ProBolezny.ru/imbecilnost/). \n* **Инструментальные исследования** — электроэнцефалограмма (ЭЭГ), компьютерная томография (КТ) или магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) [14](https://psyclinic.moscow/lechenie-imbecilnosti/).\n\n## Лечение\n**Единого плана лечения имбецильности не разработано** [13](https://narkolog-psihiatr.ru/imbecilnost/). Однако симптоматическая терапия под контролем врача позволяет повысить качество жизни пациента и выработать необходимые навыки для нормального существования в обществе [13](https://narkolog-psihiatr.ru/imbecilnost/). Некоторые методы лечения: \n* **Реабилитация и терапия** — логопедические занятия для коррекции речевых нарушений, занятия с дефектологами для улучшения когнитивных функций, физиотерапевтические процедуры [14](https://psyclinic.moscow/lechenie-imbecilnosti/). \n* **Социальная адаптация** — обучение базовым жизненным навыкам (самообслуживание, бытовые задачи) [14](https://psyclinic.moscow/lechenie-imbecilnosti/). \n* **Медикаментозное лечение** — назначение препаратов, поддерживающих общее состояние пациента и улучшающих когнитивные функции [14](https://psyclinic.moscow/lechenie-imbecilnosti/). \n\n**Полное излечение имбецильности невозможно** [15](https://leto.clinic/lechenie/imbecilnost/). 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