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Чаще кисты — доброкачественные образования, но в редких случаях они могут содержать злокачественные клетки [4](https://Megapteka.ru/specials/kista-yaichnika-na-4974). \n\nВ большинстве случаев кисты протекают бессимптомно и обнаруживаются случайно во время профилактического УЗИ [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika)[4](https://Megapteka.ru/specials/kista-yaichnika-na-4974). Однако при чрезмерном росте, перекруте ножки кисты или её нагноении возможны серьёзные осложнения, требующие экстренного медицинского вмешательства [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika).\n\n\n\n## Виды\nНекоторые виды кист яичника: \n* **Функциональные** [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika)[8](https://stolichki.ru/clubs/health/about_diseases/kista-yaichnika). Формируются из естественных структур яичника, существуют непродолжительное время (до 2–3 месяцев) и самостоятельно исчезают [2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0). Например: \n - **Фолликулярная** — неразорвавшийся фолликул, превратившийся в тонкостенное однокамерное образование с прозрачным содержимым [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). \n - **Киста жёлтого тела (лютеиновая)** — образуется после овуляции, если жёлтое тело не рассасывается, а наполняется жидкостью из-за нарушения крово- и лимфообращения [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). \n* **Органические** [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). Возникают вследствие патологических изменений в тканях яичника и, как правило, не проходят сами по себе [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). Например: \n - **Эндометриоидная киста («шоколадная»)** — образуется при эндометриозе, представляет собой полость с плотной оболочкой, заполненную тёмной кровью [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). \n - **Дермоидная киста (тератома)** — развивается из зародышевых клеток, содержит элементы различных тканей (волосы, зубы, кожу) [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika).\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые причины возникновения кист яичника: \n* **Гормональные нарушения** — сбои в регуляции овуляторного цикла, дисбаланс фолликулостимулирующего и лютеинизирующего гормонов [10](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/kista-yaichnika/). \n* **Эндометриоз** — если эндометриоидная ткань проникает в структуру яичника, формируются эндометриоидные кисты [10](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/kista-yaichnika/). \n* **Хронические воспалительные процессы** — перенесённые воспаления органов малого таза могут нарушать структуру яичников [10](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/kista-yaichnika/). \n* **В отдельных случаях** — образования могут быть врождёнными или развиваться на фоне генетической предрасположенности [10](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/kista-yaichnika/).\n\n## Симптомы\nВ большинстве случаев кисты протекают бессимптомно [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika). Однако при увеличении размера, развитии осложнений или гормональном дисбалансе могут наблюдаться следующие симптомы: \n* тянущие ощущения в нижней части живота, преимущественно с той стороны, где находится киста [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika); \n* сбои менструального цикла (задержки, удлинение или укорочение периода, усиление или ослабление кровотечения) [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika); \n* болезненные ощущения во время интимной близости [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika); \n* ощущение вздутия живота и дискомфорта при физических нагрузках [1](https://www.gmsclinic.ru/diseases/kista-yaichnika).\n\n## Лечение\nТактику лечения гинеколог выбирает, исходя из типа кисты, её размера, возраста женщины [6](https://www.smclinic-spb.ru/zabolevaniya/kista-yaichnika). Некоторые методы: \n* **Выжидательная тактика** — применяется при небольших (до 1 см) кистах, если по УЗИ нет явных признаков опухоли (плотных включений) [2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0). \n* **Консервативная терапия** — направлена на уменьшение или предотвращение роста кисты за счёт приёма гормональных контрацептивов [2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0). \n* **Хирургическое лечение** — применяют, если выжидание в течение 2–3 менструальных циклов не приводит к исчезновению кисты [2](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0). 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