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Они могут затрагивать различные органы и системы организма, вызывая физические или психические ограничения в дальнейшей жизни ребёнка [19](https://MedOlimp.ru/ginekologiya/khirurgicheskoe-preryvanie-beremennosti/2-osnovnaya/118-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda). \n\nСтепень пороков различна: от незначительных отклонений в структуре одного органа до тяжёлых изменений многих органов, несовместимых с жизнью [8](https://www.bsmu.by/upload/medialibrary/a5e/4r1iu5a709idbgj6032851lo6e0so34h/l1-_1_.pdf).\n\nИллюстрации различных врожденных пороков развития органов и систем человека:\n\n\n\n## Причины\nВрождённые пороки развития могут быть вызваны: \n* **Генетическими факторами** — хромосомными аномалиями (например, синдром Дауна) или дефектами одного гена (например, муковисцидоз) [7](https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects). \n* **Факторами внешней среды** — инфекционными заболеваниями у матери (сифилис, краснуха), воздействием радиации, некоторыми загрязнителями, недостаточностью питания матери (например, дефицитом фолиевой кислоты) [7](https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects). \n* **Неизвестными причинами** — большинство врождённых пороков имеют неизвестные причины [7](https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects).\n\n## Виды\nНекоторые виды врождённых пороков развития: \n* **Изолированные** — аномальное развитие одного органа (расщелины губы и/или неба, пороки сердца) [10](https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-klassifikatsiya-prichiny-mehanizmy-vozniknoveniya). \n* **Системные** — пороки развития нескольких органов в пределах одной системы (хондродистрофия, ахондроплазия) [10](https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-klassifikatsiya-prichiny-mehanizmy-vozniknoveniya). \n* **Множественные** — пороки развития двух и более органов, находящихся в разных системах (синдром, ассоциация и случайные комбинации) [11](https://library.mededtech.ru/rest/documents/ISBN9785970422311/?anchor=list_item_i05v9g).\n\n## Диагностика\nВрождённые пороки развития выявляют ещё до рождения с помощью скрининговых методов [14](https://pmu.dcli.ru/articles/analiz-krovi-na-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/). Некоторые из них: \n* **Ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ)** — основной метод диагностики, помогает выявить аномалии [14](https://pmu.dcli.ru/articles/analiz-krovi-na-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/). \n* **Биохимические и генетические скрининги** — анализы крови, которые помогают оценить риск хромосомных аномалий [14](https://pmu.dcli.ru/articles/analiz-krovi-na-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/). \n* **Неинвазивный пренатальный тест (НИПТ)** — позволяет определить вероятность хромосомных заболеваний на ранних сроках беременности, анализируя ДНК плода, выделяющуюся в крови матери [14](https://pmu.dcli.ru/articles/analiz-krovi-na-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/).\n\n## Лечение\nВрождённые пороки развития часто требуют длительного и комплексного лечения [19](https://MedOlimp.ru/ginekologiya/khirurgicheskoe-preryvanie-beremennosti/2-osnovnaya/118-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda). Некоторые методы: \n* **Хирургическое вмешательство** — в некоторых случаях порок требует операции для его устранения или коррекции (пластика сердца, коррекция аномалий позвоночника) [19](https://MedOlimp.ru/ginekologiya/khirurgicheskoe-preryvanie-beremennosti/2-osnovnaya/118-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda). \n* **Фармакологическая терапия** — некоторые врождённые пороки могут быть управляемыми с помощью препаратов (например, при пороках сердца — лекарство для регулирования сердечного ритма или артериального давления) [19](https://MedOlimp.ru/ginekologiya/khirurgicheskoe-preryvanie-beremennosti/2-osnovnaya/118-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda). \n* **Методы консервативного лечения** — направлены на улучшение качества жизни ребёнка с врождённым пороком (физическая терапия, эрготерапия, речевая терапия и другие виды реабилитации) [19](https://MedOlimp.ru/ginekologiya/khirurgicheskoe-preryvanie-beremennosti/2-osnovnaya/118-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda).","linksData":[{"sourceId":1,"url":"https://teledoctor24.ru/article/144-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/","shownUrl":"https://teledoctor24.ru/article/144-vrozhdennye-poroki-razvitiya-ploda/","title":"Врожденные пороки развития плода. 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