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Такие изменения могут возникать в разных тканях и органах, наиболее часто — в органах мочеполовой системы, желудочно-кишечного тракта, коже, лёгких, щитовидной железе [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/). \n\n**Важно**: предрак не является онкологическим заболеванием и не его начальная стадия [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). Предопухолевые клетки могут долго существовать без изменений, но при любом предраковом состоянии обязательно нужно лечиться или наблюдаться у врача, чтобы предотвратить развитие онкологического заболевания [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/).\n\n## Виды\nВыделяют два основных типа предраковых состояний [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/): \n1. **Облигатные** — с высокой вероятностью трансформируются в злокачественные опухоли, если их не лечить [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/)[9](https://www.euroonco.ru/oncology/predrakovye-zabolevaniya). Например, аденоматозный полипоз кишечника или лейкоплакия шейки матки [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/). \n2. **Факультативные** — также могут трансформироваться в злокачественные опухоли, но риск такого исхода гораздо ниже [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/). Например, атрофический гастрит или фиброаденома молочной железы [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/). \n\nТакже выделяют три стадии развития предрака: метаплазия (замещение клеток, типичных для данного органа, клетками, которые обычно не встречаются в этой ткани), дисплазия (атипичное развитие клеток, при котором они теряют привычные форму, размер и функцию) [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/).\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые факторы, которые способствуют развитию предраковых состояний: \n* **Наследственная предрасположенность** [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). Например, синдром Линча и семейный аденоматозный полипоз передаются по наследству [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). \n* **Предшествующие воспалительные заболевания** [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). Постоянное воспаление увеличивает количество мутаций в клетках и может вызвать метаплазию [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). \n* **Инфекции** [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). Например, бактерия Helicobacter pylori приводит к развитию хронического гастрита, а 16-й и 18-й типы ВПЧ увеличивают риск развития дисплазии шейки матки [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). \n* **Ультрафиолетовое излучение** [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/). Естественный (солнечный) и искусственный свет (например, солярий) увеличивают риск развития предрака [11](https://ProBolezny.ru/predrak/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля диагностики предраковых состояний используют клинические, лабораторные и инструментальные исследования [7](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/oncologic/precancer). Так как предраковые состояния зачастую протекают бессимптомно, нередко они выявляются в ходе планового обследования [4](https://gemotest.ru/info/spravochnik/zabolevaniya/predrakovye-zabolevaniya/).\n\n## Лечение\nТерапия предракового состояния связана с его особенностями и локализацией [3](https://polyclinika.ru/tech/predrak-vidy-simptomy-lechenie/). Не всегда требуется радикальное лечение — иногда достаточно применить терапевтические способы или даже ограничиться мониторингом развития процесса [3](https://polyclinika.ru/tech/predrak-vidy-simptomy-lechenie/). В ряде случаев предраковое состояние исчезает самостоятельно без медицинского вмешательства [3](https://polyclinika.ru/tech/predrak-vidy-simptomy-lechenie/). \n\n**Важно**: предраковые состояния требуют постоянного динамического наблюдения — например, 1 раз в 3 месяца на протяжении 1–2 лет [5](https://klinikaexpert.ru/articles/predrak-boyatsya-ili-ne-obraschat-vnimaniya). 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