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Выделяют два основных вида [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/): \n1. **Плоскоклеточный рак** — самый частый тип (примерно 70–80% случаев) [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/). Развивается из клеток, которые покрывают внешнюю часть шейки матки [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/). \n2. **Аденокарцинома** — встречается реже (около 10–20%) [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/). Образуется из железистых клеток цервикального канала [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/).\n\n\n\n## Причины\nОсновная причина — **вирус папилломы человека (ВПЧ)** онкогенного типа [3](https://www.ckbran.ru/cure/gynecology/rak-sheyki-matki)[6](https://medlineservice.ru/articles/rak-sheyki-matki/). Особенно опасны типы 16 и 18 [6](https://medlineservice.ru/articles/rak-sheyki-matki/). ВПЧ передаётся половым путём [4](https://www.gosmed.ru/lechebnaya-deyatelnost/spravochnik-zabolevaniy/onkologiya/onkoginekologiya/rak-sheyki-matki/). \n\nДругие факторы риска: курение, ослабленный иммунитет, раннее начало половой жизни, большое количество половых партнёров [4](https://www.gosmed.ru/lechebnaya-deyatelnost/spravochnik-zabolevaniy/onkologiya/onkoginekologiya/rak-sheyki-matki/)[6](https://medlineservice.ru/articles/rak-sheyki-matki/)[9](https://www.euroonco.ru/oncology/onkoginekology/rak-shejki-matki).\n\n## Симптомы\nНа ранних стадиях рак шейки матки может протекать бессимптомно [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/). По мере прогрессирования появляются: \n* контактные кровотечения (после полового акта, осмотра у гинеколога) [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/); \n* обильные водянистые или кровянистые выделения [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/); \n* боль внизу живота и пояснице [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/); \n* неприятный запах из влагалища [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/). \n\nНа поздних стадиях возможны нарушения мочеиспускания и дефекации, отёки ног, слабость, потеря веса [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля диагностики рака шейки матки используют: \n* **ПАП-тест** (цитология по Папаниколау) — основной скрининговый метод [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/)[17](https://www.kp.ru/doctor/bolezni/luchshie-metody-diagnostiki-raka-shejki-matki/). \n* **Кольпоскопию** — осмотр шейки матки с помощью прибора с увеличением [5](https://fnkc-fmba.ru/zabolevaniya/rak-sheyki-matki/). \n* **Биопсию** — взятие образца тканей для гистологического исследования [4](https://www.gosmed.ru/lechebnaya-deyatelnost/spravochnik-zabolevaniy/onkologiya/onkoginekologiya/rak-sheyki-matki/)[17](https://www.kp.ru/doctor/bolezni/luchshie-metody-diagnostiki-raka-shejki-matki/). \n* **УЗИ органов малого таза** — помогает определить, насколько распространился опухолевый процесс [17](https://www.kp.ru/doctor/bolezni/luchshie-metody-diagnostiki-raka-shejki-matki/).\n\n## Лечение\nВыбор метода лечения зависит от стадии заболевания, возраста женщины и планов на деторождение [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/). Некоторые варианты: \n* **Хирургическое вмешательство** — например, конизация шейки матки (удаление части органа в форме конуса) [18](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=6653). \n* **Лучевая терапия** — бывает дистанционная и контактная (брахитерапия) [18](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=6653). \n* **Химиотерапия** — проводится в сочетании с хирургическим лечением или лучевой терапией [18](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=6653). \n\nПрогноз при раннем выявлении опухоли благоприятный, однако на более поздних стадиях рак шейки матки может давать метастазы и требовать более агрессивного лечения [11](https://inuclear.ru/zabolevanija/rak-sheyki-matki/).","linksData":[{"sourceId":1,"url":"https://new.nmicr.ru/pacientam/urological-diseases/ginekologija/rak-shejki-matki/","shownUrl":"https://new.nmicr.ru/pacientam/urological-diseases/ginekologija/rak-shejki-matki/","title":"Рак шейки матки — симптомы, признаки и лечение рака шейки матки","shortUrl":"new.nmicr.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"new.nmicr.ru"},{"sourceId":2,"url":"https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/rak-sheyki-matki/","shownUrl":"https://www.smclinic.ru/diseases/rak-sheyki-matki/","title":"Рак шейки матки – симптомы, причины, признаки, диагностика и лечение в «СМ-Клиника»","shortUrl":"smclinic.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"smclinic.ru"},{"sourceId":3,"url":"https://www.ckbran.ru/cure/gynecology/rak-sheyki-matki","shownUrl":"https://www.ckbran.ru/cure/gynecology/rak-sheyki-matki","title":"Рак шейки матки — симптомы, факторы риска, классификация, диагностика, лечение в Москве | НКЦ№2","shortUrl":"ckbran.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"ckbran.ru"},{"sourceId":4,"url":"https://www.gosmed.ru/lechebnaya-deyatelnost/spravochnik-zabolevaniy/onkologiya/onkoginekologiya/rak-sheyki-matki/","shownUrl":"https://www.gosmed.ru/lechebnaya-deyatelnost/spravochnik-zabolevaniy/onkologiya/onkoginekologiya/rak-sheyki-matki/","title":"Рак шейки матки: симптомы, стадии. 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