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Характеризуется нарушением интеллекта, вызванным патологией головного мозга, и ведёт к социальной дезадаптации [3](https://xn--g1ajj1a.xn--p1ai/articles/umstvennaya-otstalost-oligofreniya/). \n\nВыделяют несколько степеней умственной отсталости в зависимости от уровня интеллекта (IQ) [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/): \n* лёгкая (дебильность) — IQ 50–69 [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/); \n* умеренная (имбецильность) — IQ 35–49 [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/); \n* тяжёлая (выраженная имбецильность) — IQ 20–34 [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/); \n* глубокая (идиотия) — IQ менее 20 [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/).\n\n## Причины\nНекоторые факторы, которые могут привести к умственной отсталости: \n* **Генетические нарушения** (хромосомные аномалии, моногенные наследственные патологии) [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/). \n* **Перинатальные факторы** (инфекции матери или плода, токсические вещества, недостаточность питания или кислорода) [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/). \n* **Постнатальные факторы** (инфекционные заболевания, травмы головного мозга, хронические интоксикации) [8](https://nadpo.ru/academy/blog/umstvennaya-otstalost-stadii-simptomy/).\n\n## Симптомы\nСимптомы умственной отсталости варьируются в зависимости от степени тяжести нарушения и индивидуальных особенностей человека [9](https://www.logopediadoma.ru/umstvennaya-otstalost-chto-eto-takoe-i-kak-raspoznat). Некоторые категории симптомов: \n* **Когнитивные** — низкий уровень интеллекта, трудности с обучением, проблемы с решением задач [9](https://www.logopediadoma.ru/umstvennaya-otstalost-chto-eto-takoe-i-kak-raspoznat). \n* **Адаптивные** — ограниченные навыки самообслуживания, проблемы с общением, нужда в постоянной помощи в выполнении ежедневных задач [9](https://www.logopediadoma.ru/umstvennaya-otstalost-chto-eto-takoe-i-kak-raspoznat). \n* **Социальные** — трудности в социализации, понимание социальных норм и правил, нежелание общения с другими [9](https://www.logopediadoma.ru/umstvennaya-otstalost-chto-eto-takoe-i-kak-raspoznat). \n* **Физические** — замедленное физическое развитие и моторные навыки, физические аномалии (со слухом, зрением или двигательной активностью) [9](https://www.logopediadoma.ru/umstvennaya-otstalost-chto-eto-takoe-i-kak-raspoznat).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля диагностики умственной отсталости используют **психологическое тестирование** — оценку когнитивных способностей (память, внимание, мышление, восприятие и речь) [11](https://Arbat25.ru/myi-lechim/detskie-napravleniya/oligofreniya-chto-eto-i-kakie-meryi-prinimat). Также могут назначить: \n* **Генетическое тестирование** — для выявления хромосомных аномалий или генетических мутаций [11](https://Arbat25.ru/myi-lechim/detskie-napravleniya/oligofreniya-chto-eto-i-kakie-meryi-prinimat). \n* **Электроэнцефалографию** — для оценки активности мозга и выявления возможных нарушений [11](https://Arbat25.ru/myi-lechim/detskie-napravleniya/oligofreniya-chto-eto-i-kakie-meryi-prinimat). \n* **Магнитно-резонансную томографию головного мозга** — для визуализации его структуры и нахождения изменений, которые могут быть причиной умственной отсталости [11](https://Arbat25.ru/myi-lechim/detskie-napravleniya/oligofreniya-chto-eto-i-kakie-meryi-prinimat).\n\n## Лечение\nЛечение умственной отсталости включает **реабилитацию и адаптацию** [13](https://psymanblog.ru/psychiatry/oligophrenia/). Основное внимание уделяется развитию умений и навыков, необходимых для самообслуживания, общения и работы [13](https://psymanblog.ru/psychiatry/oligophrenia/). 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