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Их жизненный цикл сокращается, распад происходит раньше положенного срока (вместо нормального в 100–120 суток — 14–21 сутки) [1](https://spb.medsi.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/)[6](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/hematologic/hemolytic-anemia). \n\nРазрушение эритроцитов может происходить непосредственно в сосудистом русле (внутрисосудистый гемолиз) или в селезёнке, печени, костном мозге (внесосудистый гемолиз) [6](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/hematologic/hemolytic-anemia)[7](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=7368).\n\n## Причины\nГемолитические анемии могут быть **врождёнными (наследственными) и приобретёнными** [8](https://MedAboutMe.ru/zdorove/spravochnik/bolezni/gemoliticheskie_anemii/). Некоторые причины: \n* **Генетические нарушения** — дефекты мембран эритроцитов, их ферментных систем или структуры гемоглобина [6](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/hematologic/hemolytic-anemia)[7](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=7368). \n* **Аутоиммунные реакции** — иммунная система атакует собственные эритроциты [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/)[5](https://www.labquest.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n* **Токсическое воздействие** — отравление мышьяковистыми соединениями, тяжёлыми металлами, уксусной кислотой, грибными ядами, приём определённых лекарств [6](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/hematologic/hemolytic-anemia)[7](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=7368). \n* **Механическое повреждение эритроцитов** — гемолиз может наблюдаться при тяжёлых физических нагрузках, при ДВС-синдроме, малярии, протезировании клапанов сердца и сосудов, обширных ожогах [6](https://www.KrasotaiMedicina.ru/diseases/hematologic/hemolytic-anemia)[7](https://yandex.ru/health/turbo/articles?id=7368).\n\n## Симптомы\nСимптомы гемолитической анемии могут быть различными и зависят от степени тяжести заболевания [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). Некоторые распространённые симптомы: \n* слабость и утомляемость [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/); \n* бледность кожи [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/); \n* одышка [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/); \n* учащённое сердцебиение [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/); \n* головокружение [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n\nВ некоторых случаях могут возникать желтуха, увеличение печени и селезёнки [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДля диагностики гемолитической анемии проводят: \n* **Общий анализ крови** — показывает снижение уровня гемоглобина и эритроцитов, увеличение ретикулоцитов (молодых красных клеток) [9](https://mc21.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya-u-detey/). \n* **Биохимический анализ** — выявляет повышение непрямого билирубина, ЛДГ, снижение гаптоглобина — маркеры активного гемолиза [9](https://mc21.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya-u-detey/). \n* **Дополнительные тесты** — проба Кумбса помогает обнаружить антитела, прилипающие к эритроцитам и провоцирующие их гемолиз, морфология эритроцитов под микроскопом может указать на их наследственные дефекты [9](https://mc21.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya-u-detey/).\n\n## Лечение\nЛечение гемолитической анемии зависит от причины заболевания [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). Например: \n* **При генетических нарушениях** может потребоваться поддерживающая терапия, направленная на устранение симптомов и предотвращение осложнений [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n* **При аутоиммунных реакциях** могут быть назначены кортикостероиды или иммунодепрессанты для подавления иммунного ответа [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n* **В случае инфекционных причин** может потребоваться антибактериальная или противовирусная терапия [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n* **В некоторых случаях** может потребоваться переливание крови или трансплантация костного мозга [3](https://semeynaya.ru/directions/gematologiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/). \n\n**Самодиагностика и самолечение** не рекомендуются — точный диагноз и назначение терапии может только врач-гематолог [2](https://OpenClinics.ru/bolezni/anemiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/)[9](https://mc21.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya-u-detey/).","linksData":[{"sourceId":1,"url":"https://spb.medsi.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/","shownUrl":"https://spb.medsi.ru/articles/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/","title":"Гемолитическая анемия — симптомы, причины, диагностика и лечение | Статьи МЕДСИ","shortUrl":"spb.medsi.ru","isTranslated":false,"description":"","greenUrl":"spb.medsi.ru"},{"sourceId":2,"url":"https://OpenClinics.ru/bolezni/anemiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/","shownUrl":"https://OpenClinics.ru/bolezni/anemiya/gemoliticheskaya-anemiya/","title":"Гемолитическая анемия: симптомы и лечение. 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