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Выделяют три формы ринолалии [7](https://logoped-ds127.edusev.ru/articles/post/3438467): \n1. **Открытая** — постоянное открытое пространство между ротовой и носовой полостями, воздух и звуки речи беспрепятственно проходят в носовую полость [7](https://logoped-ds127.edusev.ru/articles/post/3438467)[9](https://www.xn--m1abbib.xn--p1ai/question/rinolaliya.html). \n2. **Закрытая** — препятствие для прохождения выдоха через нос (например, аденоиды, полипы, искривление носовой перегородки) [9](https://www.xn--m1abbib.xn--p1ai/question/rinolaliya.html). \n3. **Смешанная** — сочетание открытой и закрытой форм [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/)[7](https://logoped-ds127.edusev.ru/articles/post/3438467).\n\n## Причины\nПричины ринолалии могут быть врождёнными или приобретёнными [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/)[7](https://logoped-ds127.edusev.ru/articles/post/3438467). **Врождённые** связаны с аномалиями развития речевого аппарата, например, расщелинами мягкого и твёрдого нёба, параличом или парезом мышц мягкого нёба [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/)[7](https://logoped-ds127.edusev.ru/articles/post/3438467). **Приобретённые** могут быть вызваны заболеваниями, хирургическими вмешательствами (например, удалением аденоидов) или травмами ротовой или носовой полости [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/)[3](https://mc21.ru/articles/rinolaliya/)[6](https://rehabfamily.com/articles/rinolaliya/).\n\n## Симптомы\nСимптоматика ринолалии зависит от её формы [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/). Некоторые признаки: \n* искажение звуков при произношении [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/); \n* гнусавый тембр голоса [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/); \n* трудности с пережёвыванием и проглатыванием пищи [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/); \n* некорректная мимика при разговоре [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/).\n\n## Диагностика\nДиагностика ринолалии проводится специалистами разных профилей: логопедом, отоларингологом, челюстно-лицевым хирургом [1](https://shifa-msk.ru/services/meditsinskiy-tsentr/otoloringologiya-lor/rinolaliya/). Некоторые методы: \n* **Риноскопия** — осмотр носовой полости с помощью специальных инструментов для выявления дефектов и препятствий [9](https://www.xn--m1abbib.xn--p1ai/question/rinolaliya.html). \n* **Фарингоскопия** — осмотр глотки для оценки состояния слизистой оболочки и выявления возможных патологий [9](https://www.xn--m1abbib.xn--p1ai/question/rinolaliya.html). \n* **Назометрия** — измерение носового резонанса для оценки степени гнусавости речи [9](https://www.xn--m1abbib.xn--p1ai/question/rinolaliya.html).\n\n## Лечение\nТактика лечения подбирается индивидуально, зависит от формы патологии и возраста пациента [11](https://zoon.ru/article/med/rinolaliya/). 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